If the "Egyptian Gospel" Isn't the Secret Gospel of Mark Kept at Alexandria, What Gospel Is It?

In the world of early Christian texts, few documents have generated as much intrigue and debate as the so-called "Egyptian Gospel." This enigmatic text, referenced by early Church Fathers, has led scholars to question its identity and origins. A particularly compelling argument is that this Egyptian Gospel might be none other than the Secret Gospel of Mark. But if it isn't, what gospel is it?

Clement of Alexandria's Reference

Clement of Alexandria, a prominent theologian of the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries, mentions an "Egyptian Gospel" in his works. He uses the phrase "ἐν τῷ κατ' Αἰγυπτίους" which translates to "in the Egyptian" gospel or text. Unlike the canonical gospels, which are named explicitly, Clement’s wording suggests a text known by its association with Egypt rather than a formal title like "the Gospel according to the Egyptians." This nuance is crucial for understanding the identity of this mysterious gospel.

The Secret Gospel of Mark Theory

One of the leading theories is that the Egyptian Gospel is the Secret Gospel of Mark. This hypothesis stems from Morton Smith's discovery of a letter attributed to Clement of Alexandria, which describes a more spiritual version of Mark's Gospel used in Alexandria. According to Smith, this secret gospel contained additional teachings of Jesus meant for a mature audience.

Critics argue that if the Letter to Theodore, where this secret gospel is mentioned, was forged, it doesn't negate the possibility that an Egyptian Gospel existed. The letter, whether authentic or not, builds on the context provided by Clement's references, suggesting that a gospel with hidden teachings was plausible.

Alternative Explanations

If the Egyptian Gospel isn't the Secret Gospel of Mark, what could it be? Scholars have proposed several alternatives:

1. The Gospel of the Egyptians: This apocryphal text is known for its ascetic teachings and was referenced by early Christian writers. Clement mentions it in connection with sayings attributed to Jesus, such as the dialogue with Salome about the end of death and procreation.

2. A Proto-Gnostic Text: Some scholars believe the Egyptian Gospel could be an early Gnostic text that circulated in Egypt. Gnostic texts often contained secret teachings and were known for their esoteric nature, aligning with Clement’s hints about hidden knowledge.

3. A Lost Alexandrian Gospel: It's possible that the Egyptian Gospel was a local text used in Alexandrian Christian communities, distinct from both the canonical gospels and other apocryphal writings. This theory suggests a gospel tailored to the theological and liturgical needs of Egyptian Christians.

Implications of the Debate

Understanding the identity of the Egyptian Gospel has significant implications for early Christian studies. It sheds light on the diversity of early Christian literature and the theological debates of the time. If it were the Secret Gospel of Mark, it would provide insight into the mystical and esoteric traditions within early Christianity. Alternatively, if it were a different text, it would underscore the variety of gospels that influenced early Christian thought.

Conclusion

Until conclusive evidence emerges, the debate over the Egyptian Gospel’s identity will continue. Whether it is the Secret Gospel of Mark or another lost text, its mention by Clement of Alexandria confirms its significance in early Christian history. The search for its true nature remains a fascinating journey into the complexities of early Christian literature and tradition.